cn_young 发表于 2020-1-4 22:48:50

谁能讲讲负载压力流量曲线怎么看?

负载压力为0,阀上压差最大,流量100%?
负载压力100%,阀上压差为0,流量为0?

游勇 发表于 2020-1-5 02:12:58

楼主的理解没错,这是对应某一压力下的曲线,测试时把AB口通过比例溢流阀连接,把阀门开口设为20%,把溢流阀压力从0变到最高,这时便可得到的流量为20%的曲线。

PEN 发表于 2020-1-5 17:18:22

该图像有问题。
使用什么公式生成此图像?
有人复制了这张图片而没有理解。
我将在几天后提供答案。

There is something wrong with this image.
What formula was used to generate this image?
Someone copied this image without understanding it.
I will provide the answer in a few days.

cn_young 发表于 2020-1-7 09:26:05

游勇 发表于 2020-1-5 02:12
楼主的理解没错,这是对应某一压力下的曲线,测试时把AB口通过比例溢流阀连接,把阀门开口设为20%,把溢流 ...

这么晚了还看论坛,老大注意休息

液压伞兵 发表于 2020-1-8 21:11:04

本帖最后由 液压伞兵 于 2020-1-8 21:12 编辑

图片来源于王春行老师的《液压控制系统》一书,本公式是正确的,转换成无量纲的公式,通过matlab可以画出来的;本人上学的时候这本书里面的公式还没推导到这个地方的时候,就毕业了。{:10_219:}

PEN 发表于 2020-1-9 03:20:09

负载压力的定义是什么?
活塞的两侧都有压力。
水平轴应该是力,而不是压力。
曲线由VCCM方程定义。

What is the definition of load pressure?
There is pressure on both sides of the piston.
The horizontal axis should be force, not pressure.
The curves are defined by the VCCM equation.

cn_young 发表于 2020-1-9 21:00:10

PEN 发表于 2020-1-9 03:20
负载压力的定义是什么?
活塞的两侧都有压力。
水平轴应该是力,而不是压力。


我的理解是,
负载压力=负载力/无杆腔面积=无杆腔压力-有杆腔压力

My understanding is
Load pressure = load force/piston area = piston pressure - piston rod pressure

PEN 发表于 2020-1-10 03:42:57

cn_young 发表于 2020-1-9 21:00
我的理解是,
负载压力=负载力/无杆腔面积=无杆腔压力-有杆腔压力



负载力= Pa * Aa-Pb * Ab
什么是负载压力?
是Pa还是Pb?
Pa影响Pb,而Pb影响Pa。

系统运行时,压力不能为0。 图表应显示负载力,而不是负载压力。
当执行器停止并且没有流量时,负载力可以为0。
但是,停止时压力不会为零。

Load force=Pa*Aa-Pb*Ab
What is a load pressure?
Is it Pa or Pb?
Pa affects Pb and Pb affects Pa.

The pressures cannot be 0 when the system is running.The graph should say load force, not load pressure.
The load force can be 0 when the actuator is stopped and there is no flow.
However, the pressures will not be 0 when stopped.


PEN 发表于 2020-1-13 02:36:54

本帖最后由 PEN 于 2020-1-13 05:05 编辑

液压伞兵 发表于 2020-1-8 21:11
图片来源于王春行老师的《液压控制系统》一书,本公式是正确的,转换成无量纲的公式,通过matlab可以画出来 ...
证明给我看!
负载压力是多少?
活塞的“ a”上有压力,而活塞的“ b”侧上有压力。
负载压力是哪个压力“ a”或“ b”?

下图是速度和压力与负载力的函数关系图。 直径为2英寸的圆柱体具有直径为1 3/8英寸的杆。 面积比约为2:1。系统压力为1500 psi,约100 bar。 请注意,当负载力为0时,活塞的两侧仍然有压力。 “ a”侧的压力很低,因为整个阀上都有压降。 因为Pa * Aa-Pb * Ab = 0,“ a”侧的压力约为“ b”侧压力的一半。

图片还显示,如果负载是负力,则它将拉杆,则“ a”上的压力将降至0或发生空化。 当设计一台机器压力机时,气缸杆朝下而滑块很重,则应进行此计算。

Prove it!
What is the load pressure?
There is pressure on the “a” of the piston and pressure on the “b” side of the piston.
Which pressure, “a” or “b”, is the load pressure?

Below is a picture of the velocity and pressure as a function of load force.The two inch diameter cylinder has a 1 3/8 inch diameter rod.The area ratio is about 2 to 1. The system pressure is 1500 psi, about 100 bar. Notice that when the load force is 0 there is still pressure on both sides of the piston.The pressure on the “a” side is low because there is a pressure drop across the valve. The pressure on the “a” side is about one half the pressure on the “b” side because Pa*Aa-Pb*Ab=0

The picture also shows that if the load is a negative force so it pulls the rod, the pressure on the “a” will drop to 0 or cavitate.One should do this calculation when designing a machine press where the cylinder rod is pointing down and the slider is heavy.

https://deltamotion.com/peter/Pictures/Operating%20Envelope.png


data:image/png;base64,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

cn_young 发表于 2020-1-13 14:19:19

PEN 发表于 2020-1-10 03:42
负载力= Pa * Aa-Pb * Ab
什么是负载压力?
是Pa还是Pb?


Teacher PEN
在您公式的基础上,我认为
负载压力=负载力/Aa=Pa-Pb*Ab/Aa
如果不考虑Pb,负载压力=负载力/Aa
页: [1] 2
查看完整版本: 谁能讲讲负载压力流量曲线怎么看?